Dialing code +98
ISO 2 code IR
ISO 3 code IRN
Capital Tehran
Main Language Persian
Currency Rial (IRR)
GDP $842.0 billion 16th
Population 76,923,300 18th

Geography

Continent Asia
Location Middle East bordering the Gulf of Oman the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea between Iraq and Pakistan
Land 1,648,000 km2 18th
Terrain Rugged mountainous rim; high central basin with deserts mountains; small discontinuous plains along both coasts
Climate Mostly arid or semiarid subtropical along Caspian coast
Natural Hazards Rugged mountainous rim; high central basin with deserts mountains; small discontinuous plains along both coasts
Note: Strategic location on the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz which are vital maritime pathways for crude oil transport

Neighbouring Countries

Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Iraq Pakistan Turkey Turkmenistan

History

Known as Persia until 1935 Iran became an Islamic republic in 1979 after the ruling monarchy was overthrown and Shah Mohammad Reza PAHLAVI was forced into exile. Conservative clerical forces established a theocratic system of government with ultimate political authority vested in a learned religious scholar referred to commonly as the Supreme Leader who according to the constitution is accountable only to the Assembly of Experts. US-Iranian relations have been strained since a group of Iranian students seized the US Embassy in Tehran on 4 November 1979 and held it until 20 January 1981. During 1980-88 Iran fought a bloody indecisive war with Iraq that eventually expanded into the Persian Gulf and led to clashes between US Navy and Iranian military forces between 1987 and 1988. Iran has been designated a state sponsor of terrorism for its activities in Lebanon and elsewhere in the world and remains subject to US UN and EU economic sanctions and export controls because of its continued involvement in terrorism and its nuclear weapons ambitions. Following the election of reformer Hojjat ol-Eslam Mohammad KHATAMI as president in 1997 and similarly a reformer Majles (parliament) in 2000 a campaign to foster political reform in response to popular dissatisfaction was initiated. The movement floundered as conservative politicians through the control of unelected institutions prevented reform measures from being enacted and increased repressive measures. Starting with nationwide municipal elections in 2003 and continuing through Majles elections in 2004 conservatives reestablished control over Iran's elected government institutions which culminated with the August 2005 inauguration of hardliner Mahmud AHMADI-NEJAD as president. The UN Security Council has passed a number of resolutions (1696 in July 2006 1737 in December 2006 1747 in March 2007 1803 in March 2008 and 1835 in September 2008) calling for Iran to suspend its uranium enrichment and reprocessing activities and comply with its IAEA obligations and responsibilities. Resolutions 1737 1477 and 1803 subject a number of Iranian individuals and entities involved in Iran's nuclear and ballistic missile programs to sanctions. Additionally several Iranian entities are subject to US sanctions under Executive Order 13382 designations for proliferation activities and EO 13224 designations for support of terrorism.
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Demographics

Life Expectancy 71.14 years 120th
Median Age 27.0 years 108th
Birth Rate 17.17 births/1,000 population 111th
Death Rate 5.72 births/1,000 population 157th
Sex Ratio 0.92 male(s)/female 32nd
Literacy 77.0% 150th
Population

76.9 million

Transportation

Roadways 172927 km 28th
Railways 8442 km 25th
Airports 317 23rd
Waterways 850 km 68th
Heliports 14 14th
Airports paved 6 16th

Economy

Currency Rial (IRR)
GDP $842.0 billion 16th
GDP per capita (PPP) $12800 78th